The origins of COVID-19 are the subject of ongoing scientific inquiry and a key aspect of global scientific efforts. Current research supports the hypothesis of a natural origin, including sampling, epidemiology, viral evolution, and genomic epidemiology. This conclusion is based on the observed interaction patterns between animals and humans and the known mutation and evolution behavior of COVID-19.

Saskia Popescu, PhD, MPH, MA, FAPIC, is an epidemiologist and Fellow of the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (FAPIC), specializing in infection prevention and public health.

“The conversation on COVID origins is very complex,” says Popescu. “I like to recognize that we are never going to get that level of evidence that people want. But overwhelmingly we do see from an epidemiological perspective, from genomic sampling and surveillance, and just from our knowledge of coronaviruses, and zoonotic diseases, that that’s likely the origin of this.”

Emphasis on epidemiological perspectives, genomic sampling, and understanding of zoonotic diseases supports considering natural zoonotic spillover as a source of the outbreak. Acknowledging challenges in pinpointing the exact moment or mechanism of transmission from animals to humans suggests accepting current evidence limits and steering the conversation towards implications for zoonotic disease prevention, lab safety, and future pandemic preparedness.

“From an outbreak perspective, we need to know the source so we can prevent it in the future,” says Popescu. “If you look at the likelihood that it is a zoonotic spillover event, then we can focus on addressing that from a One Health perspective, we can look at increasing biosurveillance, we can look at the risks from deforestation and climate change that are increasing, you know, animal habitats changing and our interactions with animals.”

It suggests that focusing on the virus’s likely zoonotic nature guides preventive measures and promotes a view of pandemic preparedness. It sees the discussion as a chance to improve global health security through better collaboration and information exchange.

Long COVID serves as an example of how infectious diseases extend beyond the initial infection, affecting individuals’ health and well-being long after recovery from the acute phase, Popescu states “These illnesses cause chronic issues that require us to pay attention to them to prevent these outbreaks but also to study the chronic conditions and the long-related issues as a result of those acute infections.”

Framing the origins of COVID-19 within the broader context of chronic disease and long-term health impacts encourages a reevaluation of societal preparations, responses, and recoveries from infectious disease outbreaks. Investing in healthcare systems, research, and policies supporting ongoing population health needs, highlighting the interconnectedness of immediate outbreak response and long-term public health strategies.

Overall, Popescu emphasizes understanding COVID-19’s origins emphasizes the need for global public health readiness and collaboration. Strengthening healthcare infrastructure, research, and policies for comprehensive health support is critical. This approach, focusing on prevention, surveillance, and addressing health disparities, highlights the importance of a united global effort to enhance health security and prepare for future health challenges.