In 2024, gastrointestinal infections remained a public health issue, with a focus on foodborne, waterborne, and viral pathogens. Outbreaks of infections such as E coli, Salmonella, and Norovirus highlighted the risks associated with contaminated food, water, and surfaces. Vulnerable populations, including the elderly, pregnant individuals, and those with weakened immune systems, faced an increased risk of complications.
Efforts to improve food safety standards and control the spread of pathogens in food production and public environments were emphasized, along with preventative measures such as proper hygiene and food handling practices. Research into vaccines and microbiome-based therapies also progressed, offering potential tools for combating these infections. The year highlighted the need for ongoing vigilance, regulation, and innovation to address the challenges posed by gastrointestinal diseases.
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Vowst Oral Spores Show Efficacy in Preventing Recurrent Health Care-Associated Infections
At MAD-ID, two Phase 3 trials, ECOSPOR III and ECOSPOR IV, assessed Vowst Oral Spores (VOS) for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infections (rCDI). The trials showed VOS reduced rCDI recurrence rates, with 90.5% of patients remaining recurrence-free at Week 8 and 84.8% at Week 24. Of 349 patients who received VOS, 63.3% reported mild to moderate gastrointestinal adverse events. No serious adverse events or deaths were linked to VOS, and no patients withdrew due to treatment-related issues. These findings support microbiome restoration as a strategy for preventing rCDI.
Salmonella Outbreak Cases Associated With Cucumbers Nearly Triple in a Month
As of July 2, 2024, 449 cases of Salmonella infection from the Africana and Braenderup strains were reported across 31 states and the District of Columbia, with 124 hospitalizations. The outbreak was linked to cucumbers from Bedner Growers, Inc in Florida, although not all cases could be traced to this supplier. Salmonella Braenderup had been found in untreated canal water at the grower’s facility. A recall of cucumbers distributed between May 17 and May 21, 2024, was issued, and the public was advised to check for recalled cucumbers and discard any uncertain products. The FDA’s investigation into the outbreak remained ongoing, but there were no reported deaths.
New USDA Rule Targets Salmonella in Poultry
The USDA proposed new regulations to reduce Salmonella contamination in poultry, setting enforceable standards for specific serotypes in chicken and turkey after a three-year review. Under the proposed rule, poultry exceeding contamination thresholds for specific serotypes would be classified as adulterated under the Poultry Products Inspection Act (PPIA). A phased implementation plan was introduced, with large plants required to meet the standards first, followed by medium and small producers. FSIS also proposed mandatory microbial monitoring programs in all poultry slaughter establishments. The USDA prioritized Salmonella serotypes based on public health impact, collaborating with the CDC and using data to target the most virulent strains. The USDA’s approach aimed to balance improved food safety with cost considerations through industry and consumer collaboration, with continuous monitoring to assess effectiveness.
Microbiome Science’s Potential Unveiled
At the World AMR Congress, Britton Strickland, MD, discussed the potential of microbiome science in combating antimicrobial resistance (AMR). He highlighted the human microbiome’s crucial role in pathogen defense through mechanisms like nutrient competition and antimicrobial peptides. Strickland emphasized advancements in omics technologies, which allow for more precise identification of bacterial communities and their protective functions. He noted that while probiotics have historically been used to inhibit pathogens, their effectiveness is still debated. Strickland also outlined emerging therapies like fecal transplants and live biotherapeutics, and discussed how CosmosID is using microbiome science to enhance diagnostics, accelerate resistance detection, and optimize treatments for AMR.
CDC: 10 Deaths Associated With US Listeria Outbreak
As of September 25, 2024, the CDC reported 59 cases of listeriosis and 10 deaths across 19 states, primarily affecting older adults. The outbreak, linked to Boar’s Head deli products, especially liverwurst, led to ongoing recalls of ready-to-eat meats produced between June and July 2024. Nearly 60% of those affected had reported consuming deli-sliced liverwurst, with 19 cases involving Boar’s Head brand. The CDC had urged vulnerable populations—such as pregnant individuals, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems—to avoid deli meats or ensure they were heated before consumption. Consumers and businesses were advised to discard recalled products and follow strict cleaning protocols to prevent contamination.
First Participant Dosed for Norovirus Vaccine in Phase 3 Trial
Moderna began its Phase 3 Nova 301 clinical trial to evaluate the investigational norovirus vaccine, mRNA-1403, for its efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity. The trial, which enrolled approximately 25,000 participants worldwide, aimed to assess the vaccine’s ability to protect against moderate to severe norovirus-related gastroenteritis, especially in older adults who are at higher risk of severe outcomes. Norovirus, a highly contagious virus causing vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramps, is spread through contaminated food, surfaces, or direct contact with infected individuals. Since there is no specific treatment for the virus, preventive measures like handwashing, disinfecting surfaces, and proper food preparation are essential. The trial was seen as a significant step toward providing a potential new tool for preventing this widespread virus.
Preventing Foodborne Illness: A Closer Look at the Recent E coli Outbreak
In an interview about the recent E coli outbreak linked to organic carrots, Nicole M Iovine, MD, PhD, discussed the risks associated with this particular strain, E coli O121, which can lead to severe illness, including kidney failure. She explained that the toxin produced by this strain can worsen the infection if treated with antibiotics, making timely and accurate diagnosis critical. Iovine also addressed the challenges posed by organic farming, particularly the use of manure and compost, which must be properly processed to prevent contamination. While organic farming avoids pesticides, the safe handling of these fertilizers is essential to avoid foodborne illnesses. She offered practical food safety tips, emphasizing the importance of washing produce thoroughly, peeling when possible, and taking extra precautions with vulnerable populations, such as young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals, who are at higher risk for severe outcomes.
